In all field populations, esterase, glutathione S-transferase and P450 activities were higher, when compared to the susceptible population (GSS). The activities of esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 (p450) was determined using α-naphthyl acetate, 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) as substrates, respectively. The interaction of some synergists (piperonyl butoxide PBO, diethyl maleate DEM and S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate IBP) with abamectin was analyzed showing possible implication of esterases in resistances in the three populations studied. These populations showed high resistance levels to abamectin ranging between 223 and 404 fold compared to a susceptible population. urticae populations were collected from vegetable greenhouses in Antalya and Muğla, Turkey. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most serious pests in greenhouses and has developed high resistance to many classes of acaricides rapidly. These assays have been used in the development and licensure of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca Oxford University) and (Janssen) coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and are critical for demonstrating bioequivalence of future vaccines. For each new vaccine, it is critical to ensure good correlation of the neutralizing activity measured using PNA against the PRNT or MNA. In addition to the advantages of MNA, PNA can be performed with lower biocontainment (Biosafety Level 2 facilities) and allows for further increases in throughput. This ensures that all severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens are present, but Biosafety Level 3 facilities are required. The MNA offers advantages over the PRNT by reducing assay time, allowing increased throughput and reducing operator workload while remaining dependent upon the use of wild-type virus. We have developed procedures for the standard PRNT, microneutralization assay (MNA) and pseudotyped virus neutralization assay (PNA) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Virus neutralization assays measure neutralizing antibodies in serum and plasma, and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is considered the gold standard for measuring levels of these antibodies for many viral diseases. HIGH-THROUGHPUT, HIGH CONTENT SCREENING.High-Content Screening with AgileOptix Technology.PROTEIN DETECTION, QUANTITATION, ANALYSIS.NUCLEIC ACID (DNA/RNA) DETECTION & ANALYSIS.
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